Acid rain-Definition, Causes, Effects, and Important Control measures
Acid rain, also known as acid deposition, refers to any type of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid, that falls to the earth from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. Wet deposition refers to any type of precipitation that takes acids from the atmosphere and deposits them on the earth’s […]
Steam Distillation; Apparatus and 2 important examples
Steam distillation is a technique used to separate volatile and non-volatile substances by distilling them together with water. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure becomes equal to applied pressure or atmospheric pressure (P). In steam distillation, at every stage, the vapors of the organic compound are miscible […]
Kolbe Reaction- Mechanism and 3 important Applications
The Kolbe reaction is a type of addition reaction also known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. When sodium phenoxide is heated with carbon dioxide at about 125oC and under 4 to 7 atmospheric pressure, sodium salicylate is formed as a major product. This on acidification gives salicylic acid. This reaction involves the carbonation of phenol to […]
Phenol: Definition, Classification, properties, Preparation, and 7 Reliable Uses
Phenol are hydroxy derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons in which the hydroxy group is directly attached to the carbon atom of the aromatic ring. They are represented by the general formula Ar-OH, where Ar may be phenyl, substituted phenyl, or some other aryl group like naphthyl. If the -OH group is present in the alkyl side […]
Chemical Reactions of Phenols: 13 important reactions of phenol
The chemical reactions of phenols undergo various mechanisms due to the presence of the hydroxyl (-OH) group. Apart from reactions that directly affect the OH group, phenols undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution. This is because the ring of phenol is highly reactive toward electrophilic substitution. The phenoxide group (-O-), obtained by the ionization of phenol, has […]
Optically active Compounds: Detailed explanation of Optical activity
Optically active compounds are those that rotate the plane of polarized light. A pure compound that is optically active is not superimposable on its mirror image. A molecule that contains only one stereogenic carbon atom (a carbon atom linked to four different groups, also known as a chiral atom or an asymmetric carbon atom) is […]
Amines; Detailed explanation of 1º, 2º, and, 3º amines
Amines are organic compounds in which alkyl groups are directly attached to nitrogen atoms. It is regarded as the most important organic base structurally related to the inorganic base ammonia. In amines, They are regarded as derivatives of ammonia in which one, two, or all three hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkyl or aryl […]
Meso compounds; Definition and Examples
Meso compounds are those in which molecules are superimposed on their mirror images even in the presence of a chiral center. A meso compounds are optically inactive compounds where the rotation caused by one molecule is canceled by an equal and opposite rotation caused by another molecule that is the mirror image of the first. […]
Chiral Center; Detailed explanation of chirality
A chiral center is an atom with four different groups bonded to it in such a way that it has a non-superimposable mirror image. The molecules that are non-superimposable in their mirror image are called chiral molecules, and this property is known as chirality. If the molecule superimposable on its mirror image is an achiral […]
Carboxylic acids; Basic Introduction, Structure, Nomenclature & Properties
Carboxylic acids are the most common organic compounds with significant acidity. These compounds have a carboxyl group attached to hydrogen (HCOOH), an alkyl group (RCOOH), or an aryl group (ArCOOH). The carboxyl group is made up of the carbonyl group (C=O) and the hydroxyl group (OH). Structure of Carboxylic acids The carboxyl carbon and two […]
FTIR Spectrometer: How FTIR works?
The FTIR Spectrometer (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) is a modern instrument that is based on a mathematical operation, known as Fourier transformation that converts raw data (an interferogram) into the proper spectrum. It is used to identify organic, inorganic, and polymeric materials by scanning the samples with infrared light. This technique has been widely developed […]
Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure, Nomenclature, and Physical properties
Aldehydes and ketones are compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O), and therefore, these compounds are collectively referred to as carbonyl compounds. Aldehydes are the compounds that have the general formula RCHO, and ketones are the compounds having the general formula RR’CO. The groups R and R’ may be alkyl or aryl groups. In fact, […]