Structure of zeolite: Synthesis, property, 8 uses
Structure of zeolite, a general introduction of zeolite, synthesis, properties, and application have been discussed briefly in this post. Zeolites are crystalline solid structures made up of silicon, aluminum, and oxygen that form frameworks with cavities and channels inside where cations such as K+, Na+, Ca2+, water, or small molecules may reside. The general formula […]
Hittorf’s Rule: easy explanation
Hittorf’s rule is given by Scientist Hittorf in order to relate the relationship between the velocity of migrating ions and the concentration of ions around the electrode. The rule and the related mathematical expressions are described below. This rule is based on the concept of different ions moves at different speed hence the transport number […]
Nephelauxetic effect in inorganic chemistry
Nephelauxetic effect in inorganic chemistry is a popular term. The nephelauxetic effect gives indirect evidence that electrons are shared between the ligands and the central metal ion i.e metal-ligand orbital overlap. This effect is also known as the cloud expanding effect. Nephelauxetic effect The experimental data is not completely fitted if the energy level for […]
Regiochemistry in Birch Reduction
Regiochemistry in Birch reduction depends on the substituents present in the benzene or arene. The regiochemistry in birch reduction with a suitable explanation has been discussed in this post. Regiochemistry in Birch Reduction Birch reduction is the reduction of benzene or arene to 1,4-diene in presence of sodium metal dissolved in liquid ammonia. If the […]
Electrochemical series with application
Electrochemical series is the arrangement of electrode systems in order of increasing standard electrode potential or reduction potential. This series is based on experimental results which plays important role in choosing the right pair of electrodes for constructing an electrochemical cell. The definition and its application have been discussed below. Define electrochemical series The sequential […]
what is active site of enzyme?
What is active site of enzyme? You may have heard about these sites in several research papers. The active site is a specific area of the enzyme that is responsible for substrate binding and catalysis. Enzymes are large in size compared to substrates which are relatively smaller. Let’s discuss the active sites and their features […]
Effective atomic number: EAN Rule
Effective atomic number concept was given by Sidgwick in 1923, which is also known as EAN. Sidgwick proposed that the center metal ions would receive electron pairs from donors until they had a sufficient number of electrons to give the metal in the complex ion the effective atomic number of the next inert gas element. What […]
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Enzyme activity is only visible when it is in continual contact with the substrate. In this post, some major parameters that influence the velocity of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions have been discussed. Factors affecting enzyme activity The main factors which affect the rate of the reaction catalyzed by enzymes are listed below. Concentration of enzyme The […]
Robinson annulation reaction: Easy mechanism
Robinson Annulation reaction is the reaction of an acyclic ketone, cyclohexanone, with methyl vinyl ketone, resulting in a ring closure and the formation of a bicyclic alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone. This reaction was first of all given by Rapson and Robinson in 1935 Robinson annulation Six-membered alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones are obtained through Michael’s addition of cyclohexanone to […]
Benzoin condensation: Easy mechanism, uses
Benzoin condensation was first of all reported by Stagne in 1824, which was catalyzed by cyanide ions. Cyanide catalyzed condensation of aryl aldehyde to benzoin is called benzoin condensation. Benzoin condensation reaction When aromatic aldehydes are treated with cyanide anions, they undergo a condensation reaction that results in the formation of alpha hydroxyl ketones, also […]
Chichibabin pyridine synthesis
Chichibabin Pyridine synthesis was first of all reported by Chichibabin in 1906. The general reaction, proposed mechanism, and its application have been discussed below. Chichibabin pyridine synthesis reaction It is the thermal cyclo-condensation of aldehydes and ammonia over a contact catalyst such as alumina to produce substituted pyridines. This reaction is called chichibabin pyridines synthesis […]
Chichibabin amination: Easy mechanism
Chichibabin amination reaction was first of all reported by Chichibabin in 1914. This reaction involves the formation of the amino derivative compound of pyridine. The general reaction, mechanism, example, and application of this reaction have been discussed below: Chichibabin amination reaction Pyridine forms 2-aminopyridine when it reacts with sodium amide in boiling inert solvents like […]