Borodine hunsdiecker reaction mechanism
Borodine hunsdiecker reaction mechanism was first of all reported by Borodine in 1861 but later Hunsdiecker studied this reaction extensively and made this reaction practically possible. Silver carboxylates can be decarboxylated by treatment with bromine to yield alkyl bromide, this reaction is called hunsdiecker reaction. Borodin hunsdiecker reaction The Hunsdiecker reaction is the breakdown of […]
Knoevenagel condensation: easy Mechanism, uses
Knoevenagel condensation is a reaction between aldehyde or ketone and activated methylene compound in presence of a base catalyst. This reaction was first of all reported by Emil Knoevenagel in 1894. Knoevenagel condensation reaction Knoevenagel condensation is a nucleophilic addition of a compound with an active methylene component to a ketone or aldehyde followed by […]
Molar conductance: Definition, Unit, and formula
Molar conductance is another term used to express the conductivities of the electrolytic solution. it is the conductance of an electrolyte measured after dissolving one gram mole in V cc of water. Its definition, unit, formula, and its variation with dilution or concentration have been discussed below: Define molar conductance Molar conductance is defined as […]
Equivalent conductance: Definition, unit, and formula
Equivalent conductance is the conductance of an electrolyte measured after dissolving one gram equivalent in V cc of water. Its definition, units, expression, and its variation with dilution have been discussed below: Equivalent conductance definition Equivalent conductance of electrolyte is defined as the conductance of all ions produced by dissociation of one gram equivalent of […]
Specific conductance: Definition, unit, and formula
Specific conductance, equivalent conductance, and molar conductance are the terms mostly used in the case of electrolytic solutions. All of these represent the ability of an electrolytic solution to conduct the electricity. Define specific conductance Specific conductance is reciprocal of specific resistance. It is denoted by the symbol κ (kappa) or Ls, which is given […]
Metallic conduction and electrolytic conduction
Metallic conduction and electrolytic conduction, as well as gaseous conduction, are three major types of conduction, which are discussed in detail along with the major difference between metallic and electrolytic conduction. Conductors Conductors are the substance that allows the passage of electricity or electric current through them. But all conductors can’t carry the same extent […]
Chemistry of vision
Chemistry of vision is something beautiful that occurs in presence of light and human eyes can detect a very low amount of light absorbed by rod cells. The retina of a mammal contains rod cells. In rod cells, a conjugated protein is present, known as rhodopsin. The rhodopsin has a prosthetic group called 11-cis retinal. […]
Electrophilic Allylic Rearrangement
Electrophilic allylic rearrangement is quite similar or analogous to nucleophilic allylic rearrangements. This is actually an electrophilic substitution reaction taking place at the allylic substrate. Electrophilic substitution accompanied by double bond shifts When electrophilic substitution is carried out at an allylic substrate, the rearranged product may be formed, hence this reaction is called electrophilic allylic […]
Variation of conductance with dilution
Variation of conductance with dilution can be explained for both weak electrolytes as well as strong electrolytes. The specific conductances decrease with increasing the dilution while both molar and equivalent conductance increase on dilution. These facts have been discussed below: Variation of equivalent conductance with dilution The equivalent conductance of an electrolytic solution depends on […]
zwitterion amino acid: Isoelectric pH
Zwitterion amino acids vary from each other in isoelectric point or pH. The introduction of zwitterion, isoelectric pH, and amphoteric behavior of amino acids are discussed in this section. Zwitterion amino acid The word Zwitter is derived from a German word that means hybrid. Zwitter ion or dipolar ion is a hybrid molecule containing positive […]
Classification of Amino acids
Classification of Amino acids on different bases such as structure, polarity, nutritional requirement, and metabolic rate has been done with suitable examples. Amino acids are a group of organic compounds containing two functional groups viz.-NH2 group and -COOH group. Amino acids are monomers of proteins. These are building blocks of proteins. Since the amino acids […]
Factors affecting fluorescence: Principle, types
Factors affecting fluorescence, the introduction of fluorescence, fluorescence examples, the principle of fluorescences, types of fluorescence, and its applications have been discussed in this portion. Fluorescence is a radiative relaxation process in which light is emitted as a result of the transition from S1 (excited singlet state) to So (ground singlet state) without change in […]