Francium element(Fr): Electronic configuration, properties, uses
Francium element is an alkali metal having an atomic number(Z) 87, belonging to the s-block element. Francium has the same number of valence electrons as lithium, thus these are kept in the same group IA. Discovery of Francium element Francium was discovered by French Scientist Marguerite Perey in 1939 in France. Before its discovery, it […]
Gel Electrophoresis: Easy Principle, media,6 types, application
Electrophoresis refers to the phenomenon of separation of charged molecules in the presence of the applied electric field. This process is also known as gel electrophoresis because the separation of charged species is done by using gel materials. This is a standard method to separate, identify and purify biomolecules such as nucleic acid, proteins, etc. […]
Felkin Ahn Model: Easy explanation with examples
Felkin Ahn model, Cram’s model, and Prelog generalization are some of the popular models developed to predict the stereochemical outcomes from the kinetically controlled addition of a nucleophile to the carbonyl group of the chiral aldehyde and ketone having a stereogenic center adjacent to the carbonyl group. Brief introduction of Diastereoselective synthesis In diastereoselective synthesis, […]
Bronsted Bjerrum equation and Kinetic salt effect
Before explaining the Bronsted Bjerrum equation, It is necessary to know the background of the salt effect and solution kinetics because it explains how the rate of reaction fluctuates with the addition of electrolytes. The kinetic study of the chemical reactions in the solution phase is known as solution kinetics and the nature of the […]
Diffusion Controlled Reaction: Easy Definition, Kinetics
Diffusion controlled reaction Diffusion controlled reactions are reactions in which the reaction rate is equal to the diffusion rate of reactants through the reaction medium such as gas or liquid. In these reactions, the rate at which reactants are transported through the medium controls the reaction rate. Therefore, these are also known as diffusion-limited reactions. […]
Oscillating chemical reactions: Easy Definition, 3 examples
In normal chemical reactions, the product increases, the reactant decreases with time and the intermediate species remain constant until equilibrium is reached. However, there are certain reactions where the concentration of intermediate will vary periodically between two limits (minimum and maximum) either in time or in space are called oscillatory reactions. Oscillating chemical reactions The […]
Rotary Evaporator: Introduction, working principle, application, and Price
A rotary evaporator is very important laboratory equipment mainly used for extracting, distilling, and purifying chemical samples. These are commonly known as Rotavap. Rotary Evaporator A rotary evaporator is a laboratory instrument commonly used for the distillation, extraction, and purification of samples. This instrument is very useful for laboratory work and research in various fields […]
Michaelis-Menten Equation: Assumptions, derivation, graphs
Michaelis-Menten equation Michaelis-Menten equation is a mathematical equation that relates the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reaction with the concentration of both substrate and enzyme. This equation/model was given derived by two scientists Leonor Michaelis and Maud Leonora Menten in the 20th century to describe the variation of rate of the chemical reaction catalyzed by enzymes. In […]
Amperometric titration:Principle,advantage
Amperometric titration is the application of amperometry, which involves the measurement of the current produced by the electrochemical oxidation or reduction of an electroactive species, and is the foundation of amperometry. Thus, amperometry is the measurement of currents at constant voltage supplied to the dropping mercury electrode. The principle, advantages, and disadvantages of amperometric titration […]
Flash chromatography: Easy Principle, equipment, procedure, application
During the synthesis of desired compounds in the laboratory, the purification process is an essential step to get that product in pure form. A chemist can use various purification techniques such as crystallization, filtration, distillation as well as chromatographic techniques. Before discussing flash chromatography, it is necessary to explain column chromatography in brief because flash […]
Chemical shift reagents and Chiral lanthanide shift reagents: How does it work?
Before explaining chemical shift reagents, let’s learn the major problem of the low-field spectrum(low resolution) and how these problems can be overcome. In the low field spectrum(60 or 90 MHz) of an organic compound, there is often peak overlap so extensively that individual peaks and splitting can not be extracted. This problem can be simplified […]
Nuclear Overhauser Effect(NOE): Easy Definition, example, application
The Nuclear Overhauser effect(NOE) is a “through space” effect that can be observed by irradiating a peak corresponding to a particular proton in the sample with lower power radiation than is used for decoupling. This effect is popularly known as the NOE effect in abbreviated form. Nuclear Overhauser effect definition The phenomenon in which when […]