Chemical kinetics: Rate of reaction, factor affecting rate, Molecularity Vs Order
Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that deals with the rate and the mechanism of chemical reactions. It studies how fast a chemical reaction proceeds as well the how does it proceeds (mechanism). Rate of chemical reaction The rate of a chemical reaction can be defined as the change in concentration of reactant per […]
Chemistry Dictionary/Terms/Glossary/Word List A to Z
The chemistry dictionary offers definitions and examples of important chemistry and chemical-related terms, which are listed in alphabetical order. For each term, a brief definition is given. Each link http://junoon.riphahfsd.edu.pk/ leads to a more comprehensive discussion of the word. Additional definitions are also available. Chemistry Terms Starting with A to Z
Molecular orbital theory: Postulates, LCAO method, and molecular orbital diagram
Molecular orbital theory was developed by F.Hund and R.S. Mulliken in 1932. According to molecular orbitals theory, all the atomic orbitals of combining atoms undergo mixing to form a new set of orbitals termed molecular orbitals. Features of molecular orbital theory The main features of molecular orbitals theory are: According to Molecular orbital theory, all […]
NMR spectroscopy principle, Instrumentation, Application, Chemical shift, Spin-spin coupling constant, and Integration
In this article, we have tried to explain the NMR spectroscopy principle, instrumentation, chemical shifts value, factor affecting its value, and application of this technique in organic chemistry in simple language. Let’s start. NMR spectroscopy (Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) is a nondestructive analytical technique to identify carbon, and hydrogen frameworks within the molecules. In other […]
Markovnikov’s rule Vs Anti-Markovnikov rule: Examples and Easy mechanism
Markovnikov’s rule is followed to determine the major product when unsymmetrical alkene reacts with unsymmetrical reagents such as hydrogen halide. Alkene on reacting with hydrogen halide like HCl, HBr, HI gives alkyl halide. If the alkene is symmetrical then only one product is formed. If the alkene is unsymmetrical then more than one product is […]
Mass spectrometry: easy Principle, instrumentation, and useful application
Mass spectrometry is an analytical spectroscopic technique that involves the ionization of molecules of compounds by bombarding them with an energetic electron beam followed by separating and analyzing the fragments in terms of mass/charge ratio. This technique identifies molecules based on their m/z ratio. It has wide applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis. The general […]
Valence bond theory, definition, postulates, and limitations
Valence bond theory(VBT) was proposed by two scientists Heitler and London in 1927 to explain the formation of covalent bonds. Later, this theory was improved by Linus Pauling by introducing the concept of hybridization. VBT is also known as the localized bond model. According to valence bond theory, a covalent bond is formed by overlapping […]
Principles of VSEPR Theory, Examples, Limitations
Principles of VSEPR theory, its definition, some examples, limitations, and advantages of it have been discussed in this blog. VSEPR theory is also called the Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory. It is a simple theory that predicts and explains the shape and bond angles in covalent molecules and ions. This theory was proposed by […]
Jahn Teller effect: Explanation with example
Jahn Teller put forwarded a theorem that explains why certain six coordinated complexes undergo distortion. Jahn teller effect is observed in octahedral complexes. Jahn Teller effect The theorem states that any non-linear molecules or system in an electronically degenerate state will be unstable and will undergo some kind of distortion that will lower its symmetry, […]
Spectrochemical Series: Significance and its limitations
Spectrochemical series is defined as the experimentally determined series on the basis of the strength of ligand field for the splitting of d-orbital of metal ion of complexes. Spectrochemical series definition Crystal field splitting is greatly influenced by the nature of ligands. Different ligand causes different degrees of splitting of d-orbital of metal ion in […]
Crystal Field Theory, Postulates and its Limitations
Crystal field theory was originally developed to describe the electronic structure of metal ions in the crystal, where they are surrounded by anions that create an electronic field with symmetry dependent on the crystal structure. The crystal field theory was first proposed by Hans Bethe in 1929, which was later modified by J. H. Van […]
Benzyne: formation, mechanism, lewis structure
Benzyne or arynes are highly reactive reaction intermediates that are derived formally by the removal of two adjacent substituents from aromatic rings, leaving behind two electrons to be distributed between two orbitals. Benzyne lewis structure Benzyne is usually represented as a single molecule with a carbon-carbon triple bond. This strained π-bond is formed by the […]