Common ion effect,example and application
Common ion effect is simply the effect observed due to the presence of a common ion. The Common ion effect is an effect in which the degree of dissociation of a salt (weak electrolytes) is reduced by the addition of a common ion. We discuss its examples and applications in detail. What is common ion […]
Ostwald’s dilution law and its limitations
Ostwald’s dilution law and its limitations are based on the Arrhenius theory of dissociation. According to Arrhenius theory, an electrolyte undergoes dissociation in an aqueous solution and splits into cations and anions. These ions are in equilibrium with each other which is termed ionic equilibrium. It means ions are rapidly dissociating and associating at the […]
Debye Huckel limiting law, ionic strength, and activity coefficient
Debye Huckel limiting law should be discussed after knowing the concept of ionic strength and activity coefficient of electrolytes. Let’s have some concepts. What is ionic strength? Ionic strength can be defined as the total concentration of ions present in the solution. In another word, ionic strength measures the concentration of ionic atmosphere in a […]
Theories of acid base indicators
Theories of acid base indicators were given by Ostwald and Quinonoid separately. Acid-base indicators are those organic dyes that help to detect the endpoint of an acid-base reaction by changing their colors. These indicators exhibit one color in acidic solution and different colors in basic solution. Therefore, an equivalent point is detected due to a […]
Debye huckel onsager equation, limitation
Debye huckel Onsager equation is a mathematical expression that relates the variation of equivalent conductance with the concentration of electrolyte solutions. Debye huckel onsager equation Debye and Huckel initially derived an equation to describe how the equivalent conductance of electrolytic solution changes on dilution. Later this equation was further improved by Onsager and now this […]
Debye huckel theory of strong electrolytes
Debye Huckel theory of strong electrolytes was put forward by Debye and Huckel in 1923 to explain a theory of interionic attraction in a dilute solution of an electrolyte, especially strong electrolytes. Debye huckel theory of strong electrolytes Arrhenius theory of ionization was limited to only weak electrolytes and did not explain the interionic attraction […]
Conductometric titration, easy principle, curves, 3 advantages
Conductometric titration is a type of titration in which the endpoint of a titration is determined by measuring the conductance of the mixture. The conductometric titrations are based on the principle that the conductance of the solution depends on the number as well as the mobility of ions. Conductometric titration definition Conductometric titration is an […]
Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions: 3 applications
Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions was given by Kohlrausch in 1875. This law is valid for both strong and weak electrolytes, therefore, it is the most important law. This law is based on the concept that at infinite dilution, electrolytes are completely ionized and in this case, the interionic attraction is very low […]
Arrhenius theory of ionization: 6 easy postulates with failures
Arrhenius theory of ionization or electrolytic dissociation was given by Arrhenius in 1884. He proposed this theory when he came to conclude that the conductivity of the solution is due to the presence of ions in the solution. Main postulates of Arrhenius theory of ionization The main postulates of Arrhenius theory of ionization have been […]
Paterno Buchi reaction mechanism: Easy mechanism
Paterno Buchi reaction mechanism was first of all reported by Paterno and Chieff in 1909 and later extended by Buchi in 1954. The [2+2] photocycloaddition reaction of a carbonyl compound with an alkene is called the Paterno Buchi reaction. This reaction is also known as Paterno-Buchi cycloaddition or Paterno-Buchi Photocycloaddition or Paterno-Buchi coupling. Paterno buchi […]
Werner’s theory of coordination compounds
Werner’s Theory of coordination compounds is a hypothetical concept to explain the formation of complex compounds. This theory was given by Alfred Werner in 1983. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1913 for his work on coordination compounds. Postulates of werner’s theory of coordination compounds Werner is also known as the father […]
Homologous series:Characteristics, easy examples
Homologous series, examples, and their characteristics have been discussed in this post. The functional groups present in the organic compounds determine the chemical reactivity and are responsible for the chemical property. But, those parts of organic compounds other than the functional group are responsible for physical properties such as melting points, boiling points, solubility, and […]