Wittig Reaction Mechanism and Applications
Wittig reaction mechanism, examples, and applications in organic chemistry have been discussed here: Wittig Reaction Definition Wittig reaction involves the reaction of aldehydes or ketones (aliphatic or aromatic) with wittig reagents to produce olefin. Triphenylphosphinealkylidenes or alkylidenephosphoranes are widely used as wittig reagents. Because alkylidenephosphoranes react as quickly with molecular oxygen as they do with […]
Darzens Condensation: Mechanism and Applications
Darzens condensation, examples, mechanisms, and applications in organic chemistry have been discussed here: Darzens Condensation Definition The condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with α -hydrogen esters in the presence of sodium ethoxide or sodamide results in the formation of α, β-epoxy ester. Such a reaction is called the Darzen condensation reaction. Generally, sodium ethoxide is […]
Perkin Condensation: Mechanism and Applications
Perkin Condensation, examples, mechanisms, and applications in organic chemistry have been discussed here: Perkin Condensation Reaction Definition Perkin condensation reaction is the condensation reaction of an aromatic aldehyde and an aliphatic acid anhydride containing at least two α-hydrogen atoms in the presence of a sodium or potassium salt of the corresponding acid to form, α, […]
Claisen Condensation: Mechanism and Application
Claisen condensation, examples, mechanisms, and applications in organic chemistry have been discussed here: Claisen condensation reaction definition Claisen condensation is an aldol condensation reaction that involves a nucleophilic attack of a carbanion on an electron-deficient carbonyl carbon atom followed by the loss of an anion from the reactant, resulting in nucleophilic substitution. The Claisen condensation […]
Catalytic Hydrogenation: Mechanism and Application
Catalytic hydrogenation, examples, mechanisms, and applications in organic chemistry have been discussed here: Catalytic hydrogenation Definition Catalytic hydrogenation is the addition of molecular hydrogen to carbon-carbon multiple bonds in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Ni, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, etc., or their compounds. Platinum or platinum from PtO2, palladium, ruthenium, or rhodium […]
Metal Hydride Reduction Reaction: Mechanism and Application
Metal hydride reduction, examples, mechanisms, and applications in organic chemistry have been discussed here: Metal hydride reduction Definition: Aldehydes and ketones are converted to primary and secondary alcohols by metallic hydrides such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Such a reaction is called metal hydride reduction reaction. The hydride ion (H–) acts […]
Cannizzaro Reaction, Cross Cannizzaro reaction: Mechanism and Application
Cannizzaro reaction, examples, mechanism, and its applications have been discussed here. Cannizaro reaction definition The aldehydic compounds having no α-hydrogen atoms in presence of strong base undergo disproportionation to form an equal amount of corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acids. Such a reaction is called the Cannizzaro reaction. Some of the examples of the Cannizzaro reaction […]
Clemmensen Reduction: Mechanism and Application
Clemmensen reduction, examples, mechanisms, and applications in organic chemistry have been discussed here: Clemmensen Reduction Definition The reaction involving the reduction of aldehyde or ketone into the corresponding alkane by reaction with amalgamated zinc (Zn-Hg) and concentrated hydrochloric acid is called the Clemmensen reduction reaction. It is applicable to aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic, and heterocyclic compounds. […]
Wolf Kishner Reduction: Mechanism and Application
Wolf Kishner reduction, examples, mechanisms, and applications in organic chemistry have been discussed here: Wolf Kishner reduction definition The reaction that involves the reduction of hydrazone, semicarbazone or azines of aldehydes and ketones to hydrocarbons under basic conditions is known as wolf-kishner reduction. In such a reaction, Nitrogen (N2) is evolved out. Some Wolf-Kishner reduction […]
Coordination Number Chemistry, Calculations, Examples, and Geometry
Coordination Number is defined as the number of atoms, ions, or molecules attached to the central atom. The atoms, ions, or molecules attached to the central atom, ion, or molecule are ligands. In other words, the coordination number is equal to the total number of donor atoms/ligands that are attached to the central metal atom. […]
Covalent crystals, Definition, Example, and Properties
Covalent Crystals also called atomic crystals are the molecular solids in which the same or different atoms are joined together by covalent bonding. Atoms of the same or different kinds with no/small changes in electronegativity form the structural units of such crystals. Unlike Ionic crystals, Covalent bonds are directional in nature. The continuous networks of […]
Ionic Crystal, Examples, and Properties
Ionic crystal is a crystalline organic compound/solids having a proper arrangement of ions into a lattice held together by the electrostatic force of attraction. The structural units of these crystals are ions. In such crystals, the lattice is made up of alternating positive and negative ions in equal numbers. It is the coulombic forces of […]